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Azja ¦rodkowa :: Russia
page last updated on February 4, 2010
Flag of Russia
Location of Russia
 
Map of Russia
Wstêp :: Russia
Za³o¿ona w 12. wieku Ksiêstwo Moskiewskie, uda³o siê wyj¶æ z ponad 200 lat panowania Mongo³ów (13th-15th centuries) i stopniowo podbijaæ i zaabsorbowaæ okolicznych ksiêstw. W pocz±tkach wieku 17 nowych dynastii Romanowów kontynuowa³ politykê ekspansji Syberiê do Pacyfiku. Zgodnie Peter I (rz±dzi³ 1682-1725), zosta³ przed³u¿ony do hegemonii na Morzu Ba³tyckim, a kraj zosta³ przemianowany rosyjskiego imperium. W ci±gu 19 wieku, bardziej zdobycze terytorialne zosta³y dokonane w Europie i Azji. Klêska w wojnie rosyjsko-japoñskiej w 1904/05 przyczyni³ siê do rewolucji 1905 roku, co spowodowa³o utworzenie parlamentu i innych reform. Powtarzaj±ce siê druzgoc±ce pora¿ki armii rosyjskiej podczas I wojny ¶wiatowej doprowadzi³y do powszechnego zamieszek w najwiêkszych miastach imperium rosyjskiego i do obalenia w 1917 roku Domu Cesarskiego. Komuni¶ci pod Vladimir Lenin wkrótce po przejêciu w³adzy i utworzyli ZSRR. Brutalnych rz±dów Iosif Stalin (1928/53) strengthened Communist rule and Russian dominance of the Soviet Union at a cost of tens of millions of lives. The Soviet economy and society stagnated in the following decades until General Secretary Mikhail GORBACHEV (1985-91) introduced glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring) in an attempt to modernize Communism, but his initiatives inadvertently released forces that by December 1991 splintered the USSR into Russia and 14 other independent republics. Since then, Russia has shifted its post-Soviet democratic ambitions in favor of a centralized semi-authoritarian state whose legitimacy is buttressed, in part, by carefully managed national elections, former President PUTIN's genuine popularity, and the prudent management of Russia's windfall energy wealth. Russia has severely disabled a Chechen rebel movement, although violence still occurs throughout the North Caucasus.
Geografia :: Russia
Pó³nocna Azja (obszar na zachód od Uralu s± traktowane jako czê¶æ Europy), graniczy z Oceanem Arktycznym, miêdzy Europ± i Pó³nocnym Pacyfiku
60 00 N, 100 00 E
total: 17,098,242 sq km
Ranking: 1
land: 16,377,742 sq km
water: 720,500 sq km
approximately 1.8 times the size of the US
total: 20,241.5 km
border countries: Azerbaijan 284 km, Belarus 959 km, China (southeast) 3,605 km, China (south) 40 km, Estonia 290 km, Finland 1,313 km, Georgia 723 km, Kazakhstan 6,846 km, North Korea 17.5 km, Latvia 292 km, Lithuania (Kaliningrad Oblast) 227 km, Mongolia 3,441 km, Norway 196 km, Poland (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Ukraine 1,576 km
37,653 km
territorial sea: 12 nm
contiguous zone: 24 nm
exclusive economic zone: 200 nm
continental shelf: 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation
waha siê od stepów w po³udnie przez wilgotny kontynentalny w du¿ej czê¶ci Rosji europejskiej; subarktyczne na Syberii do klimatu tundry w pó³nocnej polarnych; zimy waha siê od cool wzd³u¿ wybrze¿a Morza Czarnego do mro¼nej Syberii; lata ró¿niæ siê od ciep³a w stepy do ostygniêcia po Arktyce wybrze¿e
szeroki równina z niskiego wzgórza na zachód od Uralu; ogromna lasu iglastego i tundra na Syberii; wy¿yny i góry wzd³u¿ po³udniowej granicy regionów
lowest point: Caspian Sea -28 m
highest point: Gora El'brus 5,633 m
szerokiej bazy zasobów naturalnych, w tym g³ówne z³o¿a ropy naftowej, gazu ziemnego, wêgla i wielu strategicznych minera³y, drewno
note: formidable obstacles of climate, terrain, and distance hinder exploitation of natural resources
arable land: 7.17%
permanent crops: 0.11%
other: 92.72% (2005)
46,000 sq km (2003)
4,498 cu km (1997)
total: 76.68 cu km/yr (19%/63%/18%)
per capita: 535 cu m/yr (2000)
wiecznej zmarzliny na Syberii jest bardzo powa¿n± przeszkodê w rozwoju dzia³alno¶ci wulkanicznej w Wyspy Kurylskie, wybuchy wulkanów i trzêsienia ziemi na Kamczatka, powodzi wiosnê i lato / jesieñ po¿arów lasów w ca³ej Syberii i czê¶ci Rosji europejskiej
zanieczyszczenia powietrza przez przemys³ ciê¿ki, emisji wêglowych elektrowni i transportu w du¿ych miastach, przemys³owych, komunalnych i rolniczych zanieczyszczeñ na wodach ¶ródl±dowych i morskich; wylesiania, erozji gleby, zanieczyszczenia gleby z niew³a¶ciwego stosowania chemicznych w rolnictwie; rozproszone obszary czasem intensywnego ska¿enia radioaktywnego, ska¿enia wód gruntowych z odpadami toksycznymi; miejskich gospodarka odpadami; opuszczonych zapasów przestarza³ych pestycydów
party to: Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Wetlands, Whaling
signed, but not ratified: Air Pollution-Sulfur 94
co do wielko¶ci krajem na ¶wiecie pod wzglêdem obszaru, ale niekorzystnie po³o¿ony w stosunku do g³ównych szlaków morskich na ¶wiecie, mimo jego rozmiaru, wiele z kraju brakuje odpowiedniej gleby i klimatu (albo zbyt zimno lub zbyt suche) dla rolnictwa; Mount El\u0026#39;brus jest w Europie najwy¿szy szczyt
Ludzie :: Russia
140,041,247 (July 2009 est.)
Ranking: 9
0-14 years: 14.8% (male 10,644,833/female 10,095,011)
15-64 years: 71.5% (male 48,004,040/female 52,142,313)
65 years and over: 13.7% (male 5,880,877/female 13,274,173) (2009 est.)
total: 38.4 years
male: 35.2 years
female: 41.6 years (2009 est.)
-0.467% (2009 est.)
Ranking: 224
11.1 births/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Ranking: 178
16.06 deaths/1,000 population (July 2009 est.)
Ranking: 12
0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2009 est.)
Ranking: 69
urban population: 73% of total population (2008)
rate of urbanization: -0.5% annual rate of change (2005-10 est.)
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.92 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.44 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2009 est.)
total: 10.56 deaths/1,000 live births
Ranking: 152
male: 12.08 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 8.94 deaths/1,000 live births (2009 est.)
total population: 66.03 years
Ranking: 162
male: 59.33 years
female: 73.14 years (2009 est.)
1.41 children born/woman (2009 est.)
Ranking: 195
1.1% (2007 est.)
Ranking: 52
940,000 (2007 est.)
Ranking: 13
40,000 (2007 est.)
Ranking: 13
degree of risk: intermediate
food or waterborne diseases: bacterial diarrhea
vectorborne disease: tickborne encephalitis
note: wysoce zjadliwej grypy ptaków H5N1 stwierdzono w tym kraju, ale stwarza znikome zagro¿enie z bardzo rzadkich przypadkach mo¿liwe w¶ród obywateli USA, którzy maj± bliski kontakt z ptakami (2009)
noun: Russian(s)
adjective: Russian
Rosyjski 79,8%, tatarski 3,8%, 2% ukraiñskiego, 1,2% Baszkirii, czuwaski 1,1%, inne lub nieokre¶lony 12,1% (2002)
Rosyjska Cerkiew 15-20%, muzu³manie 10-15%, inne chrze¶cijañskie 2% (2006 est)
note: estimates are of practicing worshipers; Russia has large populations of non-practicing believers and non-believers, a legacy of over seven decades of Soviet rule
Russian, many minority languages
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4%
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2% (2002 census)
total: 14 years
male: 13 years
female: 14 years (2006)
3.8% of GDP (2005)
Ranking: 117
Rz±d :: Russia
conventional long form: Russian Federation
conventional short form: Russia
local long form: Rossiyskaya Federatsiya
local short form: Rossiya
former: Russian Empire, Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic
federation
name: Moscow
geographic coordinates: 55 45 N, 37 35 E
time difference: UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
note: Russia is divided into 11 time zones
46 obwody (oblastey, l.poj - obwód), 21 republik (respublik, l.poj - Respublika), 4 okrêgów autonomicznych (avtonomnykh okrugov, l.poj - Okrêg Autonomiczny), 9 krays (krayev, l.poj - Kray), 2 miasta federalnego (goroda, jednostkowe - gorod) i 1 obwód autonomiczny (Obwód Autonomiczny)
oblasts: Amur (Blagoveshchensk), Arkhangel'sk, Astrakhan', Belgorod, Bryansk, Chelyabinsk, Irkutsk, Ivanovo, Kaliningrad, Kaluga, Kemerovo, Kirov, Kostroma, Kurgan, Kursk, Leningrad, Lipetsk, Magadan, Moscow, Murmansk, Nizhniy Novgorod, Novgorod, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Orel, Penza, Pskov, Rostov, Ryazan', Sakhalin (Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk), Samara, Saratov, Smolensk, Sverdlovsk (Yekaterinburg), Tambov, Tomsk, Tula, Tver', Tyumen', Ul'yanovsk, Vladimir, Volgograd, Vologda, Voronezh, Yaroslavl'
republics: Adygeya (Maykop), Altay (Gorno-Altaysk), Bashkortostan (Ufa), Buryatiya (Ulan-Ude), Chechnya (Groznyy), Chuvashiya (Cheboksary), Dagestan (Makhachkala), Ingushetiya (Magas), Kabardino-Balkariya (Nal'chik), Kalmykiya (Elista), Karachayevo-Cherkesiya (Cherkessk), Kareliya (Petrozavodsk), Khakasiya (Abakan), Komi (Syktyvkar), Mariy-El (Yoshkar-Ola), Mordoviya (Saransk), North Ossetia (Vladikavkaz), Sakha [Yakutiya] (Yakutsk), Tatarstan (Kazan'), Tyva (Kyzyl), Udmurtiya (Izhevsk)
autonomous okrugs: Chukotka (Anadyr'), Khanty-Mansi (Khanty-Mansiysk), Nenets (Nar'yan-Mar), Yamalo-Nenets (Salekhard)
krays: Altay (Barnaul), Kamchatka (Petropavlovsk-Kamchatskiy), Khabarovsk, Krasnodar, Krasnoyarsk, Perm', Primorskiy [Maritime] (Vladivostok), Stavropol', Zabaykal'sk (Chita)
federal cities: Moscow [Moskva], Saint Petersburg [Sankt-Peterburg]
autonomous oblast: Yevrey [Jewish] (Birobidzhan)
note: administrative divisions have the same names as their administrative centers (exceptions have the administrative center name following in parentheses)
24 August 1991 (from the Soviet Union)
Russia Day, 12 June (1990)
adopted 12 December 1993
opiera siê na systemie prawa cywilnego, s±dowej kontroli aktów prawnych; nie przyjê³a obowi±zkowej jurysdykcji MTS
18 years of age; universal
chief of state: President Dmitriy Anatolyevich MEDVEDEV (since 7 May 2008)
head of government: Premier Vladimir Vladimirovich PUTIN (since 8 May 2008); First Deputy Premiers Igor Ivanovich SHUVALOV and Viktor Alekseyevich ZUBKOV (since 12 May 2008); Deputy Premiers Sergey Borisovich IVANOV (since 12 May 2008), Dmitriy Nikolayevich KOZAK (since 14 October 2008), Aleksey Leonidovich KUDRIN (since 24 September 2007), Igor Ivanovich SECHIN (since 12 May 2008), Sergey Semenovich SOBYANIN (since 12 May 2008), Aleksandr Dmitriyevich ZHUKOV (since 9 March 2004)
cabinet: Ministries of the Government or "Government" composed of the premier and his deputies, ministers, and selected other individuals; all are appointed by the president
(For more information visit the World Leaders website Opens in New Window)
note: there is also a Presidential Administration (PA) that provides staff and policy support to the president, drafts presidential decrees, and coordinates policy among government agencies; a Security Council also reports directly to the president
elections: president elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held 2 March 2008 (next to be held in March 2012); note - the term length was extended to six years in late 2008, to go into effect following the 2012 presidential election; there is no vice president; if the president dies in office, cannot exercise his powers because of ill health, is impeached, or resigns, the premier serves as acting president until a new presidential election is held, which must be within three months; premier appointed by the president with the approval of the Duma
election results: Dmitriy MEDVEDEV elected president; percent of vote - Dmitriy MEDVEDEV 70.2%, Gennady ZYUGANOV 17.7%, Vladimir ZHIRINOVSKY 9.4%, Andrey BOGDANOV 1.3%
dwuizbowego Zgromadzenia Federalnego lub Federalnoye Sobraniye sk³ada siê z izby wy¿szej, Rady Federacji lub Sovet Federatsii (168 miejsc; od lipca 2000 r., cz³onkowie mianowani przez góry wykonawczej i urzêdników legislacyjnych w ka¿dym z 84 federalnych jednostek administracyjnych - obwodów, krays republiki , autonomicznych okrêgów i obwodów, miast i federalnych w Moskwie i Sankt Petersburgu; czteroletni± kadencjê w roku) i izbie ni¿szej, Dumy Pañstwowej i Gosudarstvennaya Duma (450 miejsc, z 2007 r., wszystkich cz³onków wybieranych przez proporcjonalnej reprezentacji z list partyjnych wygrywaj±c co najmniej 7% g³osów; cz³onków wybieranych w wyborach powszechnych na czteroletni± kadencjê)
elections: State Duma - last held 2 December 2007 (next to be held in December 2011)
election results: State Duma - United Russia 64.3%, CPRF 11.5%, LDPR 8.1%, Just Russia 7.7%, other 8.4%; total seats by party - United Russia 315, CPRF 57, LDPR 40, Just Russia 38
Trybuna³u Konstytucyjnego, S±du Najwy¿szego, Naczelnego S±du Arbitra¿owego; sêdziów wszystkich s±dów s± mianowani do¿ywotnio przez Radê Federacji na zalecenie prezesa
Sprawiedliwa Rosja [Siergiej Mironow] Komunistyczna Partia Federacji Rosyjskiej lub CPRF [Giennadij Ziuganow Andrzejewicz], Partia Liberalno-Demokratyczna Partia Rosji lub LDPR [W³adimir Volfovich ZHIRINOVSKIY] Hymn Rosji [Giennadij SEMIGIN]; Unii Ludowej [Siergiej Baburin]; Prawo Cause [Leonid Yakovlevich GOZMAN Borys Yuriyevich Titow i Gieorgij Georgiyevich BOVT] (rejestracja czasu, powsta³y z po³±czenia Zwi±zku Si³ Prawicy, Demokratyczna Partia Rosji i Si³a Obywatelska); Wielka Rosja [W³adimir W³adimirowicz PUTIN]; Jab³oko Party [ Siergiej Siergiejewicz Mitrochin]
Stowarzyszenie Obywatelskie z inicjatywy Rosji (TIGR); Konfederacja Pracy Rosji (KTR), Federacji Niezale¿nych Zwi±zków Zawodowych Rosji Pracy; Freedom of Choice miêdzyregionalna Organizacja Automobilists; g³asnosti Obrony Foundation Go³os Stowarzyszenia w Obronie Praw Wyborców "; Greenpeace Rosja, Human Rights Watch (rozdzia³ rosyjski); Instytut dzia³añ zbiorowych; Memorial (grupy praw cz³owieka); Ruch przeciwko nielegalnej migracji; Pamjat (konserwacja zabytków i rejestrowanie historii); Rosyjskiego Ko¶cio³a Prawos³awnego; Federacji Rosyjskiej W³a¶ciciele samochodów, rosyjski -Czeczeñskiej Towarzystwo Przyja¼ni; SOVA analityczno-Centrum Informacji; Zwi±zku Komitetów Matek ¯o³nierzy, World Wildlife Fund (rozdzia³ rosyjski)
APEC, Rada Arktyczna, ARF, ASEAN (partnera dialogu), BIS, BSEC, RPMB, CE, CERN (obserwator), CICA, CIS, CSTO, EWEA, EAPC, EBRD, G-20, G-8, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICCt (sygnatariuszem), ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (obserwator), IPU, ISO, Itso, ITU, ITUC, Laia ( obserwator), MIGA, MINURCAT, MINURSO, MONUC, NSG, OAS (obserwator), OECD (stan akcesyjnych), OIC (obserwator), OPCW, OBWE, Klubu Paryskiego, PCA, PFP, SCO, ONZ, Rada Bezpieczeñstwa ONZ, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMIL, UNMIS, UNOCI, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (obserwator), ZC
chief of mission: Ambassador Sergey Ivanovich KISLYAK
chancery: 2650 Wisconsin Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20007
telephone: [1] (202) 298-5700, 5701, 5704, 5708
FAX: [1] (202) 298-5735
consulate(s) general: Houston, New York, San Francisco, Seattle
chief of mission: Ambassador John R. BEYRLE
embassy: Bolshoy Deviatinskiy Pereulok No. 8, 121099 Moscow
mailing address: PSC-77, APO AE 09721
telephone: [7] (495) 728-5000
FAX: [7] (495) 728-5090
consulate(s) general: Saint Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg
three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red
note: the colors may have been based on those of the Dutch flag; despite many popular interpretations, there is no official meaning assigned to the colors of the Russian flag
Gospodarka :: Russia
Rosja przesz³a znacz±ce zmiany od czasu upadku Zwi±zku Radzieckiego, przechodz±c od globalnie pojedyncze, centralnie planowanej gospodarki do bardziej rynkowych i globalnie zintegrowanej gospodarki. Reformy gospodarcze w latach 1990 sprywatyzowana wiêkszo¶æ przemys³u, ze szczególnymi wyj±tkami, w sektorze energetycznym i sektorach zwi±zanych z obronno¶ci±. Mimo szybkiego procesu prywatyzacji, w tym wiele skrytykowa³ "kredyty-dla-akcji" programu, który przewróci³ najwiêkszych pañstwowych firm na politycznie zwi±zane "oligarchów", pozostawi³ w³asno¶ci udzia³ów mocno skoncentrowane. Ochrona praw w³asno¶ci jest nadal s³aba i sektora prywatnego podlega ciê¿kich ingerencji pañstwa. Rosyjskiego przemys³u jest przede wszystkim podzia³ na globalnie konkurencyjnym producentom surowców - Rosja w 2009 r. sta³a siê najwiêkszym na ¶wiecie eksporterem zarówno ropy i gazu ziemnego, a tak¿e jest trzecim najwiêkszym eksporterem stali i aluminium pierwotne - i inne, mniej konkurencyjna przemys³u ciê¿kiego, które pozostaj± na utrzymaniu Rosyjski wo c market. This reliance on commodity exports makes Russia vulnerable to boom and bust cycles that follow the highly volatile swings in global commodity prices. The government since 2007 has embarked on an ambitious program to reduce this dependency and build up the country's high technology sectors, but with few results so far. A revival of Russian agriculture in recent years has led to Russia shifting from being a net grain importer to a net grain exporter. The economy had averaged 7% growth since the 1998 Russian financial crisis, resulting in a doubling of real disposable incomes and the emergence of a middle class. The Russian economy, however, was one of the hardest hit by the 2008-09 global economic crisis as oil prices plummeted and the foreign credits that Russian banks and firms relied on dried up. The Central Bank of Russia spent one-third of its $600 billion international reserves, the world's third largest, in late 2008 to slow the devaluation of the ruble. The government also devoted $200 billio n in a rescue plan to increase liquidity in the banking sector and aid Russian firms unable to roll over large foreign debts coming due. The economic decline appears to have bottomed out in mid-2009 and by the second half of the year there were signs that the economy was growing, albeit slowly. Long-term challenges include a shrinking workforce, a high level of corruption, and poor infrastructure in need of large capital investment.
$2.103 trillion (2009 est.)
Ranking: 9
$2.298 trillion (2008 est.)
$2.176 trillion (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
$1.255 trillion (2009 est.)
-8.5% (2009 est.)
Ranking: 207
5.6% (2008 est.)
8.1% (2007 est.)
$15,200 (2009 est.)
Ranking: 73
$16,300 (2008 est.)
$15,400 (2007 est.)
note: data are in 2009 US dollars
agriculture: 5.2%
industry: 37%
services: 57.9% (2009 est.)
75.81 million (2009 est.)
Ranking: 7
agriculture: 10%
industry: 31.9%
services: 58.1% (2007 est.)
8.9% (2009 est.)
Ranking: 98
6.5% (2008 est.)
15.8% (November 2007)
lowest 10%: 1.9%
highest 10%: 30.4% (September 2007)
42.3 (2008)
Ranking: 54
39.9 (2001)
20% of GDP (2009 est.)
Ranking: 95
revenues: $205.3 billion
expenditures: $306.6 billion (2009 est.)
6.9% of GDP (2009 est.)
Ranking: 124
6.5% of GDP (2008 est.)
11.9% (2009 est.)
Ranking: 199
14.1% (2008 est.)
13% (31 December 2008)
Ranking: 38
10% (31 December 2007)
12.23% (2008 average)
Ranking: 84
10.03% (31 December 2007)
$252.5 billion (31 December 2008)
Ranking: 6
$303.7 billion (31 December 2007)
$318.4 billion (31 December 2008)
Ranking: 11
$292.5 billion (31 December 2007)
$367.2 billion (31 December 2008)
Ranking: 23
$339.1 billion (31 December 2007)
$397.2 billion (31 December 2008)
Ranking: 11
$1.503 trillion (31 December 2007)
$1.057 trillion (31 December 2006 est.)
grain, sugar beets, sunflower seed, vegetables, fruits; beef, milk
pe³nego zakresu górnictwa oraz przemys³u wydobywczego produkcji wêgla, ropy, gazu, substancji chemicznych i metali wszelkich form budowy maszyn z walcowni do wysokiej wydajno¶ci i samolotów kosmicznych pojazdów, przemys³u obronnego, w tym radar, produkcji rakiet, a tak¿e zaawansowane komponenty elektroniczne, przemys³ stoczniowy ; drogi i ¶rodki transportu kolejowego, sprzêt ³±czno¶ci, maszyny rolnicze, ci±gniki i maszyny budowlane; wytwarzania energii elektrycznej i urz±dzeñ nadawczych; medycznych i naukowych instrumentów konsumpcyjnych trwa³ego u¿ytku, tkaniny, artyku³y spo¿ywcze, rzemios³o
-11% (2009 est.)
Ranking: 153
1.04 trillion kWh (2007 est.)
Ranking: 5
1.023 trillion kWh (2007 est.)
Ranking: 4
20.7 billion kWh (2008 est.)
3.105 billion kWh (2008 est.)
9.81 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
Ranking: 2
2.8 million bbl/day (2008 est.)
Ranking: 6
4.93 million bbl/day (2007 est.)
Ranking: 2
48,000 bbl/day (2007 est.)
Ranking: 88
79 billion bbl (1 January 2009 est.)
Ranking: 8
662.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Ranking: 1
420.2 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Ranking: 3
245 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Ranking: 1
56.9 billion cu m (2008 est.)
Ranking: 6
43.3 trillion cu m (1 January 2009 est.)
Ranking: 1
$42.08 billion (2009 est.)
Ranking: 7
$102.4 billion (2008 est.)
$295.6 billion (2009 est.)
Ranking: 14
$471.6 billion (2008 est.)
ropy naftowej i produktów naftowych, gazu ziemnego, drewna i wyrobów z drewna, metali, chemikaliów, a tak¿e szeroki wybór cywilnego i wojskowego produkuje
Holandia 12,2%, W³ochy 9%, Niemcy 6,9%, Turcja 5,9%, Ukraina 5%, Chiny 4,5%, Polska 4,3% (2008)
$196.8 billion (2009 est.)
Ranking: 18
$291.9 billion (2008 est.)
pojazdów, maszyn i urz±dzeñ, tworzyw sztucznych, leków, ¿elaza i stali, towarów konsumpcyjnych, miêsa, owoce i orzechy, pó³fabrykaty metalowe
Chiny 12,9%, Niemcy 12,6%, Japonia 6,9%, Ukraina 6%, USA 5,1%, W³ochy 4,1% (2008)
$439 billion (31 December 2009 est.) est.)
Ranking: 2
$427.1 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$369.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ranking: 20
$483.5 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
$255.6 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ranking: 19
$491.2 billion (31 December 2007)
$196.7 billion (31 December 2009 est.)
Ranking: 18
$176.7 billion (31 December 2008 est.)
Rubli rosyjskich (RUB) za dolara - 32 (2009 est), 24,853 (2008), 25,581 (2007), 27,191 (2006), 28,284 (2005)
Komunikacja :: Russia
44.2 million (2008)
Ranking: 5
187.5 million (2008)
Ranking: 4
general assessment: the telephone system is experiencing significant changes; there are more than 1,000 companies licensed to offer communication services; access to digital lines has improved, particularly in urban centers; Internet and e-mail services are improving; Russia has made progress toward building the telecommunications infrastructure necessary for a market economy; the estimated number of mobile subscribers jumped from fewer than 1 million in 1998 to nearly 188 million in 2008; a large demand for main line service remains unsatisfied
domestic: cross-country digital trunk lines run from Saint Petersburg to Khabarovsk, and from Moscow to Novorossiysk; the telephone systems in 60 regional capitals have modern digital infrastructures; cellular services, both analog and digital, are available in many areas; in rural areas, the telephone services are still outdated, inadequate, and low density
international: country code - 7; Russia is connected internationally by undersea fiber optic cables; digital switches in several cities provide more than 50,000 lines for international calls; satellite earth stations provide access to Intelsat, Intersputnik, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Orbita systems (2008)
AM 323, FM 1,500 est., shortwave 62 (2004)
7,306 (1998)
. ru, uwaga - Rosja równie¿ jest odpowiedzialna za domeny Legacy ". su", które zosta³y zaliczone do Zwi±zku Radzieckiego i jest stopniowo wycofywany
7.663 million (2009)
Ranking: 13
45.25 million (2008)
Ranking: 8
Transport :: Russia
1,216 (2009)
Ranking: 5
total: 595
over 3,047 m: 52
2,438 to 3,047 m: 198
1,524 to 2,437 m: 129
914 to 1,523 m: 99
under 914 m: 117 (2009)
total: 621
over 3,047 m: 3
2,438 to 3,047 m: 13
1,524 to 2,437 m: 68
914 to 1,523 m: 84
under 914 m: 453 (2009)
48 (2009)
kondensatu 122 km, gaz 159.552 km, gaz p³ynny 127 km, olej 74.285 km; produktów rafinacji 13658 km (2009)
total: 87,157 km
Ranking: 2
broad gauge: 86,200 km 1.520-m gauge (40,300 km electrified)
narrow gauge: 957 km 1.067-m gauge (on Sakhalin Island)
note: an additional 30,000 km of non-common carrier lines serve industries (2006)
total: 933,000 km
Ranking: 8
paved: 754,984 km (includes 30,000 km of expressways)
unpaved: 178,016 km
note: includes public, local, and departmental roads (2006)
102,000 km (including 33,000 km with guaranteed depth)
Ranking: 2
note: 72,000 km system in European Russia links Baltic Sea, White Sea, Caspian Sea, Sea of Azov, and Black Sea (2007)
total: 1,074
Ranking: 9
by type: bulk carrier 25, cargo 663, carrier 2, chemical tanker 27, combination ore/oil 34, container 11, passenger 14, passenger/cargo 7, petroleum tanker 217, refrigerated cargo 59, roll on/roll off 10, specialized tanker 5
foreign-owned: 112 (Belgium 4, Cyprus 2, Germany 1, Greece 1, Italy 4, South Korea 1, Latvia 2, Norway 2, Switzerland 3, Turkey 80, Ukraine 11, US 1)
registered in other countries: 486 (Antigua and Barbuda 4, Bahamas 4, Belize 31, Bulgaria 1, Cambodia 83, Comoros 12, Cyprus 50, Dominica 3, Georgia 12, Hong Kong 2, Jamaica 3, Liberia 94, Malaysia 2, Malta 58, Marshall Islands 9, Moldova 3, Mongolia 9, Panama 18, Saint Kitts and Nevis 19, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 21, Sierra Leone 11, Slovakia 1, Tuvalu 2, Ukraine 1, Vanuatu 2, unknown 31) (2008)
Azowskiego, Kaliningrad, Kavkaz, Nachodka, Noworosyjsk, Primorsk, Sankt Petersburg, Vostochnyy
Militaria :: Russia
Si³ l±dowych (Sukhoputnyye Voyskia, SV), Navy (Voyenno-Morskoy Flot, VMF), Si³y Powietrzne (Voyenno-Vozdushniye Sily, VVS); Airborne Troops (VDV), Strategic Rocket Forces (Raketnyye Voyska Strategicheskogo Naznacheniya, RVSN) i Space Troops (Kosmicheskiye Voyska KV) s± niezale¿ne "broñ bojow±, nie podporz±dkowane ¿adnej z trzech oddzia³ów; rosyjskich si³ l±dowych obejmuj± walkê z przemytem broni: Karabin zmotoryzowane oddzia³y wojsk zbiornika, rakietowych i oddzia³y artylerii, obrony powietrznej wojsk l±dowych (2009)
18-27 lat obowi±zkowego lub dobrowolnego s³u¿by wojskowej, mê¿czy¼ni s± zarejestrowane dla celów projektu w 17 roku ¿ycia; obowi±zku ¶wiadczenia us³ug - 1 rok; obowi±zek rezerwy do 50 roku ¿ycia, z lipca 2008 r. projekt strategii wojskowej wezwa³ do projektu kontynuowaæ a¿ do roku 2030 (2009)
males age 16-49: 36,219,908
females age 16-49: 37,019,853 (2008 est.)
males age 16-49: 21,098,306
females age 16-49: 27,968,883 (2009 est.)
male: 741,692
female: 706,081 (2009 est.)
3.9% of GDP (2005)
Ranking: 30
Kwestii ponadnarodowych :: Russia
Chiny i Rosja maj± wyznaczone po spornych wysp u zbiegu Amuru i Ussuri w Argun River zgodnie z Umow± z 2004 r., zakoñczenie ich wielowiekowych sporów granicznych; sporu suwerenno¶ci wyspy Etorofu, Kunashiri, Shikotan i grupy Habomai, znanego jako "Northern Territories" w Rosji jako "Southern Kurils" okupowane przez Zwi±zek Radziecki w 1945 roku, obecnie zarz±dzany przez Rosjê i twierdzi³, Japonia, pozostaje g³ównym k³ucia do podpisania traktatu pokojowego formalnego zakoñczenia dzia³añ wojennych II wojny ¶wiatowej, Rosja i Gruzja zgadzaj± siê rozgraniczaj±cych wszystkich, ale ma³y, strategicznych segmentach granicy gruntów i morskiej granicy; obserwatorów OBWE monitoruje lotnych takich dziedzinach, jak W±wozie Pankisi w regionie Akhmeti i w±wozu Kodori w Abchazji, Azerbejd¿anu , Kazachstan i Rosja podpisa³y equidistance granice dna Morza Kaspijskiego, ale kraje le¿±ce nie ma porozumienia w sprawie podzia³u s³upa wody, Rosja i N orway dispute their maritime limits in the Barents Sea and Russia's fishing rights beyond Svalbard's territorial limits within the Svalbard Treaty zone; various groups in Finland advocate restoration of Karelia (Kareliya) and other areas ceded to the Soviet Union following the Second World War but the Finnish Government asserts no territorial demands; in May 2005, Russia recalled its signatures to the 1996 border agreements with Estonia (1996) and Latvia (1997), when the two Baltic states announced issuance of unilateral declarations referencing Soviet occupation and ensuing territorial losses; Russia demands better treatment of ethnic Russians in Estonia and Latvia; Estonian citizen groups continue to press for realignment of the boundary based on the 1920 Tartu Peace Treaty that would bring the now divided ethnic Setu people and parts of the Narva region within Estonia; Lithuania and Russia committed to demarcating their boundary in 2006 in accordance with the land and maritime treaty ratified by Russia in May 2003 and by Lithuania in 1999; Lithuania operates a simplified transit regime for Russian nationals traveling from the Kaliningrad coastal exclave into Russia, while still conforming, as an EU member state with an EU external border, where strict Schengen border rules apply; preparations for the demarcation delimitation of land boundary with Ukraine have commenced; the dispute over the boundary between Russia and Ukraine through the Kerch Strait and Sea of Azov remains unresolved despite a December 2003 framework agreement and on-going expert-level discussions; Kazakhstan and Russia boundary delimitation was ratified on November 2005 and field demarcation should commence in 2007; Russian Duma has not yet ratified 1990 Bering Sea Maritime Boundary Agreement with the US
IDPs: 18,000-160,000 (displacement from Chechnya and North Ossetia) (2007)
current situation: Russia is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children trafficked for various purposes; it remains a significant source of women trafficked to over 50 countries for commercial sexual exploitation; Russia is also a transit and destination country for men and women trafficked from Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and North Korea to Central and Western Europe and the Middle East for purposes of forced labor and sexual exploitation; internal trafficking remains a problem in Russia with women trafficked from rural areas to urban centers for commercial sexual exploitation, and men trafficked internally and from Central Asia for forced labor in the construction and agricultural industries; debt bondage is common among trafficking victims, and child sex tourism remains a concern
tier rating: Tier 2 Watch List - Russia is on the Tier 2 Watch List for a fifth consecutive year for its failure to show evidence of increasing efforts to combat trafficking over the previous year, particularly in providing assistance to victims of trafficking; comprehensive trafficking victim assistance legislation, which would address key deficiencies, has been pending before the Duma since 2003 and was neither passed nor enacted in 2007 (2008)
ograniczone uprawy nielegalnych konopi i maku lekarskiego i producent metamfetaminy, g³ównie dla konsumpcji krajowej; rz±d aktywnych programów zwalczania nielegalnych upraw; wykorzystane jako punkt prze³adunku w Azji opiaty, konopie indyjskie, kokainê i Ameryki £aciñskiej zd±¿aj±cych do rosn±cych rynkach krajowych, w mniejszym stopniu Europy Zachodniej i ¦rodkowej, a niekiedy tak¿e w USA; g³ównym ¼ród³em prekursorów chemicznych heroiny, korupcja i przestêpczo¶æ zorganizowana s± najwa¿niejszymi problemami; g³ównych konsumentów opiatów

¼ród³o: www.cia.gov
t³umaczenie: Google Translate

Polecam równie¿: Korsyka, Londyn

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